Despite extensive research, how a living cell with the abilities to perform metabolic functions that can be inherited can arise from inorganic materials still remains an enigma. Although Doug was not involved in that kind of research, as someone who had extensive training in biology, he had a general understanding of the possibilities that might have been involved. His basic idea is that in order the inorganic molecules to be able to contact each other and undergo some kind of chemical reactions to form carbon based organic molecules, there was a need for a closed system which allowed such interactions. In his view, such interactions helped to spread out reactants which cannot occur in the too much diluted oceans, one of the popular ideas at the time. His model for a closed system is the “skinned liquid droplets” that are waterdrops enclosed by hydrocarbon molecules serving as primitive membranes controlling the movement reactants in and out. In his view, such droplets could be formed by the strong swirling forces of hot geysers (acting both as sonicators and providing heat for chemical reactions) with these structures landing in swallow lakes with rich sources of chemicals. Since one such droplet alone probably would not have survived, in Doug’s view the droplets had to form more complex structures to withstand environmental challenges. The new compounds formed in one droplet also could distribute into neighboring droplets and vice versa. This would increase the efficacy of chemical reactions. As a further development, over time the membrane’s structure changed to allow selective uptake of inorganic material and removal of waste products. According to Doug, these and many of the following steps involved in the development of living cells occurred via pure evolution over millions of years without the requirement for God’s involvement except providing the initial ingredients via creation of the Universe.